Phytoremediation-Based Wastewater Treatment : Phytoremediation is an innovative and eco-friendly approach for wastewater treatment, utilizing plants to absorb, degrade, and detoxify contaminants. This method has gained traction as an effective alternative to conventional treatment processes due to its low cost, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability.

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Macrophytes such as Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, and Eichhornia crassipes play a significant role in the removal of heavy metals, nutrients, and organic pollutants from industrial, agricultural, and municipal wastewater. Constructed wetlands, floating treatment wetlands, and hydroponic systems are widely implemented phytoremediation strategies that enhance microbial activity, sedimentation, and nutrient uptake.

The mechanisms involved in phytoremediation include phytoextraction, phytodegradation, phytostabilization, and rhizofiltration. These processes enable the effective breakdown of pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, cadmium, and hydrocarbons. Advances in bioengineered plants and microbial-assisted phytoremediation further enhance pollutant removal efficiency.

Despite its advantages, challenges like slow remediation rates, seasonal dependency, and plant biomass disposal must be addressed. Future research should focus on optimizing plant-microbe interactions, genetic modifications, and hybrid treatment systems to improve phytoremediation efficiency. As global water scarcity intensifies, integrating phytoremediation into wastewater management can significantly contribute to sustainable water reuse and ecosystem restoration.

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