Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are an innovative bioelectrochemical technology that simultaneously treats wastewater and generates electricity using microorganisms. These systems leverage electroactive bacteria, such as Geobacter and Shewanella, to break down organic pollutants while transferring electrons to an anode, creating a flow of electricity.

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MFCs offer a sustainable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment by reducing energy consumption and producing bioelectricity. Key advancements include nanostructured electrodes, graphene-based catalysts, and optimized biofilms, which enhance electron transfer efficiency. Dual-chamber and single-chamber MFC designs cater to various industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste treatment applications.

Besides electricity generation, MFCs facilitate resource recovery, including hydrogen production, heavy metal removal, and nutrient recovery (such as nitrogen and phosphorus). Integration with constructed wetlands, anaerobic digestion, and hybrid bioelectrochemical systems enhances the efficiency and scalability of MFC technology.

Challenges such as low power output, biofouling, and electrode material costs hinder large-scale deployment. Future research focuses on genetically engineered microbes, bio-inspired electrode coatings, and AI-driven process optimization to improve MFC performance. As industries and municipalities seek sustainable wastewater solutions, MFCs present a promising pathway toward carbon-neutral, energy-positive waste treatment.

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